Hardware or Network Issues - Aging, damaged, or faulty components
- Loose or improperly installed cards, connectors, or terminators
- Bent pins
- Examples: network cards (NICs), cables, routers, hubs, switches, motherboards, memory chips
- WiFi connections aren’t supported
Test network performance - PING servername -l 1800
Sends 4 packets of 1800 bytes. - PING servername -t
Sends continuous small packets until you press Ctrl+C. Lost packets indicate data loss. - PING servername -t -l 1800
Sends continuous 1800-byte packets until Ctrl+C. Lost packets indicate timing issues. Performance guidelines - 1 ms is ideal
- 20 ms will impact performance
- 40 ms is unacceptable
Failing or Degraded Storage Media - Hard drives, CDs/DVDs, tape drives, USB drives, cloud storage
- Bad sectors can appear over time due to wear or damage
- Modern drives use spare sectors to replace bad ones, but data in bad sectors will be lost
Power Issues - Fluctuations, spikes, surges, interruptions
- Examples: UPS delays, interference from motors or transformers, poor electrical wiring
- Even physical interference (for example, an Ethernet cable under a chair wheel) can cause corruption
Malicious Software (Malware) - Viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware
- Ransomware encrypts files and often provides unusable decryption keys
Operating System or Program Bugs - This includes third-party programs and outdated network card drivers
- New installations or updates can introduce unknown bugs
Interference from Other Software - Backup software or shadow copying can lock files
- Other programs use the same port or consume more bandwidth
- Virtual machines sharing resources can cause interruptions
[BCB:155:Chat 100 US:ECB]
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